Power System Generation and Interconnected of Various Distributed System

Ten-point action plan for reducing barriers to distributedinterconnection of distributed resources 10 Mva or
generation A. Reduce technical barriers (1) Adoptsmaller with electric power systems. The requirements
uniform technical standards for interconnectingrelevant to performance, operation, testing, safety, and
distributed power to the grid. (2) Adopt testing andmaintenance of the interconnection are also included in
certification procedures for interconnection equipment.the emerging standard. PURPOSE A typical
(3) Accelerate development of distributed powerinterconnection standard for DG establishes the criteria
control technology and systems. B. Reduce businessand requirements for the interconnection of distributed
practice barriers (4) Adopt standard commercialresources with distribution systems. It may conform to
practices for any required utility review ofthe emerging IEEE P1547 interconnection Standard,
interconnection. (5) Establish standard business termsnow a work in progress and close to completion.
for interconnection agreements. (6) Develop tools forSpecifically this document describes the design and
utilities to assess the value and impact of distributedtesting requirements of generator interconnection to
power at any point on the grid. C. Reduce regulatorythe electric utility distribution system. The requirements
barriers (7) Develop new regulatory principlesestablished in this document cover a broad spectrum
compatible with distributed power choices in bothof interests. The addition of a distributed resource to
competitive and utility markets. (8) Adopt regulatorythe distribution system may change the system and its
tariffs and utility incentives to fit the new distributedresponse. Attaining a technically sound and robust
power model. (9) Establish expedited dispute resolutioninterconnection among distributed resources and the
processes for distributed generation project proposals.distribution system mandates diligence on the part of
(10) Define the conditions necessary for a right toeveryone involved in the inter-connection, including
interconnect. The production of electrical energy fromdesigners, manufacturers, users, owners, and
a customer’s site has significant economic effectsoperators of both electric power systems as part of
on the transmission and distribution systems of thethe interconnection requirements. This requirement
electric utility provider. Small drop-and-run power plantsneeds to be understood cooperatively among the
such as micro turbines, fuel cells, solar, wind,aforementioned groups and met. LIMITATIONS The
reciprocating engines, and gas turbines can providecriteria and requirements are applicable to all distributed
substantial additional power to meet the provider’sresource technologies and to the primary and
peak loads. The hurdles to DG continue to be thesecondary voltages of the electric Power systems.
resolution of important policy issues includingInstallation of DGs on the radial primary and secondary
interconnection interfaces, standby charges, andelectric power systems is the main emphasis of the
stranded costs, sitting and permitting for the DG. TheIEEE. The requirements may be met at the Point of
main technical interconnection question today is how toCommon Coupling (PCC), although the location of
interface DG energy resources with existing electricprotective devices may not be at the PCC. GENERAL
power systems in a reliable, safe, and cost-effectiveINTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS When a
manner. Figure 1 illustrates the complexity and thecustomer desires to establish a parallel interconnection
interaction between DG and the interconnectedwith the utility, there are formal procedures to follow
electric power system. The four areas are as follows:that will ensure a sound technical basis for the
1. Isolated, no grid source 2. Isolated with automaticproposed interconnection these technical and
transfer 3. Grid interconnection, no power export 4.application procedures are summarized in the following
Grid interconnection, bi-directional power flow Figure 1.table. 1. Planning for the interconnection asset 2.
Complexity and interaction between DG andDesigning the interconnection asset 3. Constructing the
interconnected electric power system Figure 2 .is ainterconnection asset according to the planning and
typical single line diagram of an interconnection. Thedesign drawings agreed to during the application phase
interconnection concerns from the electric utility pointof the project. 4. Verification testing and commissioning
of view, as illustrated by recent surveys, include thetesting of the completed construction phase. 5. Initial
reliability of the existing grid, the safety of electricoperation of the parallel interconnection, operations
power system personnel, and quality control. The keytraining, and recording the performance of the
to achieving a working implementation of DG will beinterconnection system. 6. Operation and maintenance
the introduction of universal technical standards thatof the interconnection asset for the life of the asset.
permit standardized grid interconnection whileAny customer may operate 60 Hertz, three phase or
maintaining power system stability and worker safety.single phase generating equipment in parallel with an
In the winter of 1999, the Institute of Electrical andelectric utility system in accordance with the utility’s
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) began devising a universalinterconnection and operating agreement, provided the
interconnection standard, currently called IEEE P1547.equipment of the customer meets or exceeds the
Its purpose is to set forth a uniform standard forrequirements of the utility.