| THE HISTORY OF YOGA | | | | universe. |
| Most of the Hatha yoga forms taught today | | | | The first limb of yoga is called Yama. Its purpose is to |
| throughout the Western world is influenced by the | | | | promote moral and ethical principles within the individual. |
| great yogi Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, who was born | | | | Yama has five principles or social disciplines: ahimsa |
| in 1888. He is considered the father of modern yoga | | | | (nonviolence), satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), |
| and is responsible for pioneering the refinement of | | | | brahmacharya (purity), and aparigraha |
| postures, specifically sequencing them and giving | | | | (non-attachment). |
| therapeutic value to each one. He is also responsible | | | | The second limb is called Niyama. Its purpose is to |
| for combining the postures with breath control to | | | | create an inner integrity and it also has five principles: |
| create a form of moving meditation. Sri K. Pattabhi | | | | saucha (cleanliness, purity), santosha (contentment), |
| Jois, who developed the Ashtanga Vinyasa method of | | | | tapas (austerity), svadhaya (self-study), and |
| Hatha yoga, studied with Krishnamacharya from the | | | | isvarapranidhana (surrender to God). |
| age of 12 and continues to teach yoga, inspired | | | | The third limb is called Asana. These are the yoga |
| By his great teacher, in Mysore, India. B.K.S. Iyengar | | | | postures, which are practiced to calm the mind, |
| also studied with Krishnamacharya, albeit for a brief | | | | enabling a deep state of meditation to occur. This is |
| time. | | | | based on the principle that if the body is restless, the |
| Lord of learning and remover of obstacles, the Hindu | | | | mind will also become restless, inhibiting the true |
| god Ganesh provides inspiration to yoga students, who | | | | realization of the self. |
| should cultivate the attitude that obstacle, are there to | | | | The fourth limb is Pranayama, or extension of the |
| be overcome. | | | | breath. Prana is the life-force energy, and ayama is the |
| He has spent his life perfecting the asanas that his first | | | | voluntary effort to control and direct this energy. |
| guru taught him and is the founder of the Iyengar style | | | | Pranayama helps contemplation and eliminates |
| of yoga. He has a yoga center in Pune, India.T. | | | | distractions of the mind, so it becomes easier to |
| Desikachar, the son of Krishnamacharya, developed | | | | concentrate and meditate. |
| the Viniyoga approach to Hatha yoga and currently | | | | The fifth limb is Pratyahara, which means mastery of |
| has a yoga center in Chennai, India. He also teaches | | | | the senses. Through the practice of asana and |
| throughout the world. | | | | pranayama your mind's attention is turned within; |
| THE EIGHT LIMBS | | | | through pratyahara this internal focus is maintained. |
| One of the founding principles of Hatha yoga to which | | | | The sixth limb is Dharana, or concentration. It is the |
| dynamic yoga adheres is that of the eight limbs, which | | | | ability to focus your full attention on one point to the |
| the literal translation of the Sanskrit word ashtanga is. | | | | exclusion of everything else. It is essential to realizing |
| Devised by the famous sage Patanjali in about 200B.C, | | | | the true self. |
| the eight limbs are described by him in the historical | | | | The seventh limb is Dhyana, or meditation, which is the |
| yoga text, the Yoga Sutras. The eight limbs can be | | | | effortless flow of awareness toward the object of |
| likened to the form and nature of a tree. For, as a tree | | | | concentration. The difference between concentration |
| stands strong against every adversity and continues | | | | and meditation is that in concentration there is a |
| to grow, producing fruits from its labor, so do yoga | | | | peripheral distraction or awareness of your immediate |
| students, through consistent practice and dedication, | | | | surroundings, whereas in meditation the attention is not |
| begin to reap the benefits of their labor and nourish the | | | | disturbed at all; you are completely absorbed. |
| fruits of their love. The first five limbs are concerned | | | | The eighth limb is Samadhi, which means the |
| with the body and the brain. They constitute the outer | | | | absorption of object with the mind. In this enlightened |
| phase of yoga. The final three limbs are concerned | | | | state there is no duality of consciousness. It is one step |
| with the reconditioning of the mind and constitute the | | | | beyond being completely absorbed in the meditative |
| inner phase of yoga. | | | | state. When you have achieved Samadhi, the "I" |
| The Hindu deity, Shiva, represents supreme | | | | becomes nonexistent. You become one with God or |
| consciousness. He is also known as the Lord of the | | | | one with all. This is the fruit of the tree or the fruits of |
| Dance, symbolizing the Eternal movement of the | | | | your labor. |